Sparse foliage or dieback from the tips is always a sign to be concerned about. Trees rely on their leaves to convert energy from the sun, so if the tree is cutting back on its leaf production, there could be something seriously wrong.
There is a very close relationship between the size of a tree's canopy and the size and condition of its roots. Signs of ill health in the canopy may thus be the first indication that there is a problem occuring underground. Recent disturbance to soil levels, compaction from parked cars or a well used thoroughfare, waterlogged soils or even gas leaks may all cause root damage and consequently exhibit symptoms in the canopy.
Equally dieback, particularly in mature trees, can indicate the presence of decay fungi, although a thorough investigation would be necessary to confirm this.
Sparse foliage and dieback in the crown of a weeping willow (Salix x sepulcralis)
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The canopy...
Sparse foliage/dieback from the tips
Stem and branches...
Cankers on branches or stem
Epicormic/shooting from the stem
Slime flux/resinous exudations from stem
The roots...
Fungal fruiting bodies on or around stem and roots
Visibly damaged roots
Particular species
Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum)
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
